Pope Celestine V resigned after just five months in the job to return to his life as an ascetic hermit.
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Otto IV was crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Innocent III.
Pope John Paul IV visited New York, becoming the first Pope to visit the Western Hemisphere.
Native American Kateri Tekakwitha became the first native to become a saint.
The first Vatican Council, also known as Vatican I, decrees the doctrine of Papal infallibility.
Henry VIII declared his marriage to Catherine of Aragon officially null and void, despite Pope Clement VII's refusal to allow it.
